Excessive salt consumption linked to cognitive disorders and high blood pressure
[June 5, 2023: Hisatsugu Koshimizu, Fujita Health University]
Cognitive impairment has been linked to the consumption of excess table salt, a ubiquitous food seasoning. (CREDIT: Creative Commons)
Dementia is defined as the loss of cognitive functioning—including thinking, remembering, and reasoning—and is very prevalent in Japan. Currently, the treatment satisfaction for dementia is among the lowest and no drug therapy is available to cure the disease. With a rapidly ageing global population, the development of dementia preventive and therapeutic drugs is critical.
Cognitive impairment has been linked to the consumption of excess table salt, a ubiquitous food seasoning. High salt (HS) intake can also lead to hypertension.
To prevent adverse health outcomes, the World Health Organization recommends limiting salt intake to less than 5 g per day.
The involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II)—a hormone that plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance—and its receptor “AT1”, as well as that of the physiologically important lipid molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 and its receptor “EP1” in hypertension and neurotoxicity is well-recognized. However, the involvement of these systems in HS-mediated hypertension and emotional/cognitive impairment remains elusive.
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To this end, a recent study published in the British Journal of Pharmacology thoroughly evaluated the aspects of HS-mediated hypertension and emotional/cognitive impairment. The study was performed by a team of collaborating researchers from Japan, and has shown how hypertension, mediated by the crosstalk between Ang II-AT1 and PGE2-EP1 causes emotional and cognitive dysfunction.
Author Hisayoshi Kubota from Fujita Health University’s Graduate School of Health Science comments, “Excessive salt intake is considered a risk factor for hypertension, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. However, studies focusing on the interaction between the peripheral and central nervous system have not sufficiently investigated this association.”
According to the published data, the addition of excessive phosphates to the protein “tau” is primarily responsible for this emotional and cognitive consequences. The findings are particularly noteworthy because tau is a key protein of the Alzheimer's disease.
High salt (HS) intake induces hypertension and impairments in social behaviour and object recognition memory. (CREDIT: British Journal of Pharmacology)
The team first loaded laboratory mice with an HS solution (2% NaCl in drinking water) for 12 weeks and monitored their blood pressure. “The effects of HS intake on emotional/cognitive function and tau phosphorylation were also examined in two key areas of the mouse brain—the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus,” explains Prof. Mouri. Next, they also studied the involvement of the Ang II-AT1 and PGE2-EP1 systems in the HS-induced hypertension and neuronal/behavioral impairment.
The results were remarkable and encouraging: The brains of the experimental mice had several biochemical alternations. At the molecular level, besides the addition of phosphates to tau, the researchers also observed a decrease in the phosphate groups linked to a key enzyme called “CaMKII”—a protein involved in brain signaling.
(b) Body weight, (c) water consumption, (d) heart rate, and (e) systolic blood press (SBP) of experimental animals were monitored once weekly for 12 weeks. (c) Water consumption was determined based on an average of three home cages. (d) Heart rate and (e) SBP were measured by the tail-cuff system. (f, g) The mice were subjected to behavioural tests at 8 and 12 weeks after HS intake. (CREDIT: British Journal of Pharmacology)
Moreover, changes in the levels of “PSD95”—a protein that plays a vital role in the organization and function of brain synapses (connection between brain cells)—were also evident. Interestingly, the biochemical changes were reversed after the administration of the antihypertensive drug “losartan.” A similar reversal was observed after knocking out the EP1 gene.
Overall, these findings suggest that angiotensin II-AT1 and prostaglandin E2-EP1 systems could be novel therapeutic targets for hypertension-induced dementia.
Tau hyperphosphorylation and reduction of synapse-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after high salt. (CREDIT: British Journal of Pharmacology)
Prof. Mouri concludes by saying, “This study is of particular social and economic importance because the annual social cost of dementia treatment in Japan is surging like never before”. Therefore, developing preventive and therapeutic drugs for dementia seems critical for Japan’s rapidly aging population.”
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17H04252, 20K07931, and 20K16679) and by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) FOREST Program (JPMJFR215H). In addition, this work was supported by a grant from the Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases at Fujita Health University, a research grant from the Smoking Research Foundation, and the Takeda Science Foundation.
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Note: Materials provided above by Fujita Health University. Content may be edited for style and length.
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