Move over 'tiger blood' -- bear blood serum drives muscle gains
[July 18, 2022: Mikas Matsuzawa, Hiroshima University]
Bear's blood during winter trigger their remarkable ability to prevent muscular atrophy despite months of inactivity. (CREDIT: Creative Commons)
For hibernating animals, hibernation is a key survival strategy to survive the winter environment of food deprivation and cold temperatures by decreasing physical activity and whole-body metabolism. Most animal species including humans suffer a significant decline in physical function with continued inactivity, whereas hibernating animals, such as bears, successfully maintain their physical function even after half a year of inactivity and fasting during hibernation.
The muscle mass and strength of hibernating bears are well preserved despite 5–7 months of continued inactivity. By contrast, even in hibernating animals, when muscle activity is restricted during the active summer period, bears show a significant decrease in skeletal muscle mass. Thus, resistance to skeletal muscle atrophy and the maintenance of metabolism in hibernating bears are likely achieved by humoral or systemic factors that are induced during hibernation.
Japanese scientists observed “muscle gain” in cultured human skeletal muscle cells infused with serum from hibernating black bears, confirming that unique factors activated in these creatures’ blood during winter trigger their remarkable ability to prevent muscular atrophy despite months of inactivity.
But what these key blood components are remain unknown.
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Hibernating bears can lie still for months a year inside their dens without eating or drinking. In humans, just three weeks of inactivity is enough to lose muscle mass. Prolong it and it could lead to sedentary lifestyle-related diseases like obesity and diabetes — and even early death. Bears, however, survive their hibernation with limited muscle loss, minimal metabolic dysfunction, and unharmed physical functions.
“The ‘use it or lose it’ phenomenon is a well-accepted physiological principle for the skeletal muscle, which is highly plastic in response to functional demands. Disuse typically leads to skeletal muscle loss and metabolic dysfunction in many animal species, including humans,” study first-author Mitsunori Miyazaki, associate professor at Hiroshima University’s Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, explained.
“In contrast, hibernating animals are likely better described to be under the ‘no use, but no lose’ phenomenon, in that there is potential resistance to muscle atrophy during continued disuse conditions.”
The study jointly conducted with researchers from Hokkaido University found that the serum drawn from the blood of hibernating Japanese black bears weakened the “destruction mechanism” controlling muscular degradation. Their findings were published in the journal PLOS ONE.
Muscle mass is generally determined by the dynamic balance between the “synthesis” and “degradation” of proteins. But since this balance is disrupted by the hibernating bears’ serum, the cultured muscle cells showed significant protein growth following 24 hours of treatment. This notable increase in protein was not seen in cultured muscle cells infused with serum collected during the bears’ active summer season.
The researchers attributed the diminished capacity of the muscles’ “destruction mechanism” to the suppressed expression of MuRF1 (Muscle RING-finger protein-1), the switch triggering the shredding of unused muscles. According to them, it is likely that suppression of MuRF1 expression was mediated by the activation of the Akt/FOXO3a (protein kinase B/Forkhead box class O 3a) axis responsible for the elevation of protein synthesis.
They also observed increased levels of the growth factor hormone IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) in the hibernating bear serum. The researchers identified it as a candidate upstream factor that induces activation of the Akt/FOXO3a axis.
Alteration of total protein contents in cultured human skeletal muscle cells: Winter-hibernation period vs. summer-active period. (A) Typical immunostaining images of cultured human skeletal muscle cells at 5 days of differentiation following 24 h treatment with bear serum. Red, myosin heavy chain (MF20); blue, DAPI. The occasional small bright red dot is a staining artifact. The scale bar shows 100 μm. (B) The number of DAPI-positive signals per field was counted as the nuclei number. (C) The total protein contents were significantly increased in cultured myotubes following 24 h treatment with hibernating bear serum compared to the active period serum. Data are expressed as mean ± standard errors. Significant differences: #, p < 0.05. (CREDIT: journal PLOS ONE)
Previous studies have reported seasonal variations of IGF-1 concentrations in bear serum. These studies found IGF-1 concentrations were highest during the active summer period and lowest in early hibernation and then increased again near the end of hibernation.
But Miyazaki and his co-researchers later redirected their attention elsewhere after correcting their calculations on IGF-1 concentration levels in the hibernating bear serum. They said it is a possibility that the higher IGF-1 concentrations observed in the study were simply due to a decrease in the serum’s water content brought about by other causes, such as dehydration.
“We have indicated that ‘some factor’ present in hibernating bear serum may regulate protein metabolism in cultured human skeletal muscle cells and contribute to the maintenance of muscle mass. However, the identification of this ‘factor’ has not yet been achieved,” Miyazaki said.
Originally a physical therapist, the associate professor said he wondered why it is not possible to build muscles that do not weaken in the first place rather than restore deteriorated muscles.
“I wanted to do research that would lead to the development of effective rehabilitation and training methods,” Miyazaki said, adding that this is the reason he got interested in exploring hibernation’s secrets.
“By identifying this ‘factor’ in hibernating bear serum and clarifying the unexplored mechanism behind ‘muscles that do not weaken even without use’ in hibernating animals, it is possible to develop effective rehabilitation strategies in humans and prevent becoming bedridden in the future.”
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Note: Materials provided above by Hiroshima University. Content may be edited for style and length.
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