Solar panels along Saudi Arabia's coast could help solve their growing water crisis
[Apr 14, 2022: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]
The solar panels along the coast decrease the surface albedo, warming the land and increasing the temperature contrast with the colder ocean. This intensifies sea breezes and transports more water vapor inland, ultimately increasing rainfall. (CREDIT: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)
Installing solar panels along a part of Saudi Arabia's west coast could generate enough rainwater to meet the annual consumption needs of five million people. An international team developed a weather forecasting model and tested it using simulations conducted on KAUST's supercomputer Shaheen II. Their study is published in the Journal of Hydrometeorology.
Saudi Arabia is in the midst of a water crisis. The kingdom is experiencing increasing water demand as its population grows and industrial and agricultural activities intensify. At the same time, the country's 9,000-year-old fossil groundwater from deep aquifers is rapidly depleting, while its already small amount of annual rainfall is decreasing in most regions. Still, at 300 tons per year, Saudi Arabia has one of the highest per capita rates of water consumption in the world. Desalinating and treating water provide two gigatons of water annually; however, both processes are energy intensive and are unable to meet the country's rising water demands.
Led by KAUST's Georgiy Stenchikov, the team aimed to find out if deliberate changes to a 150 x 103km2area of Saudi Arabia's west coast could increase rainfall in the region by harnessing the two meters of water that evaporate from the Red Sea every year.
The team of scientists from Saudi Arabia, Germany, France and Russia configured a weather forecasting model to suit their region of interest. They then ran simulations on KAUST's Shaheen II computer that incorporated already known data on sea and land surface temperatures, winds, land topography and rainfall with scenarios in which various land features like forestation, soil moisture and surface reflection of the sun's energy were changed.
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"Our study showed that decreasing the fraction of sunlight reflected by the Earth's surface—known as the land surface albedo—warmed the land, increasing the temperature contrast between it and the colder ocean," explains KAUST meteorologist Suleiman Mostamandi. "This strengthened the sea breeze, which in turn carried more water vapor inland, increasing rainfall."
Importantly, the team showed that the surface albedo could be adequately reduced by installing solar panels along a part of Saudi Arabia's western coastal plain, generating 1.5 gigatons of extra rainwater each year. "Solar panels would absorb more solar radiation than natural land cover, ultimately triggering rainfall," explains Mostamandi.
Notably, Saudi Arabia already has a network of artificial water reservoirs that could be augmented for collecting and storing the increased rainwater. Further field experiments will be needed to provide the proof of the concept.
The simulations also showed that increasing forestation in the Red Sea coastal area did not effectively trigger rainfall. This finding highlights the need for a thorough evaluation of the environmental effects of the planned large-scale greening projects in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East.
More about the Most technology
Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems, Most, is a closed energy system based on a specially designed molecule of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, which when hit by sunlight changes shape into an energy-rich isomer – a molecule made up of the same atoms but arranged together in a different way. The isomer can then be stored in liquid form for later use when needed, such as at night or in winter. The researchers have refined the system to the point that it is now possible to store the energy for up to 18 years. A specially designed catalyst releases the saved energy as heat while returning the molecule to its original shape, so it can then be reused in the heating system. Now, in combination with a micrometer-thin thermoelectric generator, the energy system can also generate electricity to order.
For more science news stories check out our New Innovations section at The Brighter Side of News.
Note: Materials provided above by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Content may be edited for style and length.
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